Critos Arguments to Plato Essays

Critos Arguments to Plato Essays Critos Arguments to Plato Essay Critos Arguments to Plato Essay Exposition Topic: Contentions Despite the fact that Crito has numerous legitimate and contentious purposes behind Socrates to get away, he is undaunted in his convictions and passes on a saint. Crito has three fundamental contentions for Socrates to get away from his detainment. Crito’s first contention is that if Socrates doesn't escape from jail he would free a dear companion. There is additionally the way that Crito’s notoriety would be harmed for not helping his companion escape from prison. The second contention that Crito has is that he fears that Socrates wouldn't like to escape since he wouldn't like to have his companions bear a similar discipline that he will. Then his companions are happy to endure the outcomes of their activities. Socrates reacts to this with Crito likewise specifies that it is genuinely simple to take care of the gatekeepers who might rodent them out. Critos third and last contention to Socrates is that of his youngsters and how he is to be liable for them and how it is his duty to raise them and instruct them. â€Å"Shrodes 786† Socrates contends with Crito that it is never acceptable to do foul play. Helping Socrates getaway would positively be doing a foul play and that is the reason Socrates wouldn't like to get away. Practically the entirety of the contentions Crito provides for Socrates are that in regards to general society and what they would consider Socrates had he gotten away. Socrates being very insightful and a brilliant man understands that he ought to tune in to what he accepts and not what the general population does and remain and be a saint. Indeed I think Socrates was directly in saying the thing he said about on the off chance that he got away from how he wouldn’t be viewed as a saint and in the event that he did how the individuals would look downward on him and his name.

Advance Business Communication Commodities and Services

Question: Depict about the Advance Business Communication for Commodities and Services. Answer: Contextual analysis 1 Organization Background Enron was an American organization which was in the field of vitality, items and administrations. The organization was established in the time of 1985 after the merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNoth. The organization used to be one of the significant organizations in the field of power, petroleum gas, correspondence and mash and paper. Be that as it may, the organization was associated with a gigantic money related embarrassment and therefore, the organization become bankrupt (Markham 2015). Investigation and Reason for Failure Enron become bankrupt due some major budgetary and bookkeeping reasons. One of the explanation behind Enrons destruction was the income acknowledgment procedure of the organization. rather than utilizing the Agent model for announcing incomes, the organization used to report the whole vale of exchanges as income. This is the purpose behind which the incomes of the organization will in general increment startlingly step by step (Abdel-Khalik 2016). The acquaintance of imprint with advertise bookkeeping was an error for the organization. After the acquaintance of imprint with advertise, the suitability and expenses of the agreements were hard to gauge and the financial specialists and partners of the organization were given bogus and deceiving data. Corporate administration was another explanation behind the disappointment of the organization. It was accounted for that the directorate of the organization was associated with illicit exchange practices to increase a lot of compensation a longside the inspectors of the organization (McLean and Elkind 2013). The reviewers of the organization were condemned and denounced for the review results. These are the principle purposes behind the breakdown of Enron. In any case, there are different purposes for the breakdown like increment in the official pay, moral and policy driven issues and others (Jones and Stanton 2013). End and Recommendation From the above conversation, it very well may be seen that the fundamental issue behind the breakdown of Enron is the bookkeeping and evaluating reasons. In this manner, it is prescribed that the organizations needs to keep up and set up the budgetary report according to the rule of the separate authority of the nation. Then again, the inspectors must recall that they ought not work together with the governing body for their own advantages. The evaluators are here to spare the open intrigue and they ought to do that according to the rules. These are the proposal in regard to the Enron breakdown. Contextual analysis 1 Organization Background ABC Learning was an Australian organization which was the universes biggest supplier of the early training for kids. The organization was established in the time of 1988 and the headquarter of the organization was at Brisbane, Australia. The organization was associated with some enormous embarrassments and accordingly, ABC Learning was intentional exchanged in the time of 2009. From that point forward, the organization was gained by Goodstart Early Learning. At this moment, it has in excess of 600 early learning communities all over Australia. It was an open organization and was recorded in the Australian Stock Exchange (Sumsion 2012). Examination and Reason for Failure There were different issues behind the breakdown of ABC Learning. The organization couldn't reimburse its obligations and thus, it sold its whole United Kingdom auxiliary and sold 60% of its United States auxiliaries. The Stock cost of the organization tumbled to $0.54 from $8.62 (Ross, Sy and Tinker 2012). The organization confronted huge discussion over the bookkeeping rehearses received by the organization. The debate was about the benefit valuation technique. There are two sorts of advantages valuation techniques; they are verifiable expense and reasonable worth. The worth can't surpasses the estimation of recoverable resources. Be that as it may, the estimation of benefits surpassed the estimation of recoverable resources (Christakis and Christakis 2012). There are other explanation for the breakdown like the over intricacy, poor dynamic procedure by the administration of the organization and others. The corporate administration procedure of the organization was not successful. Then again, the secret information and data were revealed for individual purposes. The top managerial staff and the top level supervisors of the organization abused the force given to them. Forceful development methodology was another explanation added to the breakdown of the organization (Galloway 2016). End and Recommendation According to the above examination, a portion of the suggestions are given. As a matter of first importance, it is suggested that the acknowledgment procedure of the incomes must be legitimate and successful. It is prescribed that the organizations need to concentrate on the center exercises of the association so as to pick up the ideal development of the association. The budgetary situation of the organization is the strength of the organization and this is the reason the financials of the organization should be recorded in a legitimate manner. It is prescribed that the organizations need to actualize compelling corporate administration techniques so as to build up coordination in the association. References Abdel-Khalik, A.R., 2016. How Enron Used Accounting for Prepaid Commodity Swaps to Delay Bankruptcy for One Decade: The Untold Story.Available at SSRN 2747119. Christakis, E. what's more, Christakis, N.A., 2012. Harvard Cheating Scandal: Is Academic Dishonesty on the Rise?.Time ideas,4. Galloway, C., 2016. Emergency Communication Research in Australia.The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research,43, p.337. Jones, M.J. what's more, Stanton, P., 2013. Enron Cartoons: Accounting in the Spotlight. In K. Kokubu, N.N. Sawabe and M. Sakaue eds.,,Seventh Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference(p. 136). Kobe: The APIRA Conference Committee. Markham, J.W., 2015.A Financial History of the United States: From Enron-Era Scandals to the Subprime Crisis (2004-2006); From the Subprime Crisis to the Great Recession (2006-2009). Routledge. McLean, B. what's more, Elkind, P., 2013.The most astute folks in the room: The stunning ascent and shameful fall of Enron. Penguin. Ross, P., Sy, A. what's more, Tinker, T., 2012. ABC Learning: bookkeeping exercises never learned?.International Journal of Critical Accounting,4(1), pp.21-29. Sumsion, J., 2012. ABC Learning and Australian early training and care: a review moral review of a radical experiment.Childcare markets nearby and worldwide: would they be able to convey a fair assistance, pp.209-225.

Analogies

Analogies Every Monday and Wednesday night, you could probably find me in Kresge Auditorium almost rolling in laughter, listening to arguably some of the most creative analogies I’ve ever heard. I’m at wind ensemble rehearsal, learning life lessons. Sometimes, these lessons are presented with analogies, and are certainly not limited to expressions such as “Release your inner pony!” or, “This part is when the baby stands up and takes his first steps!” Though not inherently obvious, they are words of wisdom. They are also the words of the MIT Wind Ensemble (MITWE) director, Frederick Harris. Other times, another kind of life lesson comes from the calm and poised words of Ken Amis, an amazing tuba player and also our assistant director, giving us musical direction, ideas of what feeling to evoke while we play and suggestions on how to do it. Several months ago, I joined the Wind Ensemble for 3 reasons: I didn’t want to forget how to play trumpet during college, I wanted to improve my musiciansip, and the most obvious, I love playing! Twice a week in Kresge Auditorium, however, I also get one more unexpected thing out of being in MITWE, and that is rediscovering the meaning of the word “passion”. You see, when you’re playing a piece, you have a sheet of paper in front of you in black and white. You could go through the motions and “play a mezzo-piano C quarter note after 5 measures of rest” or you could add some color, and play a part “as though finally after trying multiple times and finally succeeding, the baby falls down once more.” At our last concert on March 17, we premiered “Awakening”, a ___gorgeous___ 3-movement piece that the Wind Ensemble commissioned and that was composed by none other than MIT alum Jamshied Sharifi. (Not only is he super humble and friendly, but he also came to a lot of our rehearsals to give us tips and guidance on the piece, AND he memorized our names. In around less than a month. !!!! :O! !!! Words. Cannot. Describe. Gratitude.) If you missed the concert: Movement I Movement II Movement III The number of people the piece reached was almost as monumental as the piece itself. It was inspired by the Arab Springâ€"you could listen to an NPR piece here if you’d like to know more about how and why it was created. It’s interesting to note that, like the rest of MIT, the majority of the people in MITWE are studying science, math, or engineering, not music. People probably have super-varied reasons for being involved, but I would say that most of us enjoy the challenge and like to “ignite our musical lighter fluid with our inner match.” Through the inspiring example of those that lead MITWE, we grow and learn to improve in more than just music. We exercise a life lesson. Do what you love and be passionate in what you do.

The Day That Changed My Life - 1083 Words

It was the month of November and the year was 2008. I did not plan on going to the hospital on this day but my mother received a phone call. That one call was my reason for being waken up at 4 a.m. listening to my mom as she reused me to get dressed. One call changed my life forever. A person from the hospital called and said that my grandmother was not breathing normally. After we got to the hospital we find out that the cancer she was diagnosed with has affected her breathing, which caused tubes to be placed in her to make sure she stays alive. I remember hearing all these doctors and nurses ask me and my family to make decisions on the plans for my grandmother. I was only fifteen years old so I did not understand what was really going†¦show more content†¦As inspiring as my grandmother was, in return, I hope I am making her just as proud. Once my grandmother passed I took her obituary and put it under my pillow so every night I felt as if I was sleeping right next to her. I found doing that was comforting to me because it would help me cope with her death. I then began to use other pictures I had of us when I was younger as a way to help ease the pain I felt along with reminding me of the memories we shared which made me feel as if she was still here. My grandmother’s death was the first death I have experienced in my family. I have learned to deal with it but I still have not overcome it. It taught me how to be strong and what memories really can do. I am thankful that she got to spend fifteen years of my life with me so I can share everything I learned from her to any person I meet. If it was not for her unconditional love andsupport I would not be able to call myself a freshman at the University of Michigan all my years living, she has been the most influential person in my life as my mentor and friend. I find that with dealing with the difficult experience of her death I must also face the tough obstacle of her not being able to help me move in to collegeand start my new life. I do knowShow MoreRelatedThe Day That Changed My Life1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Day That Changed My Life Only 38% of girls who have a child before the age of eighteen get a high school diploma. Thankfully with my motivation and support I was on the positive side of this statistic. Even though I have come a long way within the past year, it has been a year full of challenges and emotions. Within two days I found out that I was expecting a baby, I went into shock because of the life adjustment that I would have to make, and I also built the strength up to tell my mom aboutRead MoreThe Day That Changed My Life Essay841 Words   |  4 Pages The Day my Life Change Forever Buzz, Buzz, Buzz my phone went across the bathroom counter! I heard it vibrate and ring constantly as I took my shower before church. By the time I got out the shower, I had three missed calls from my dad and four from my mother. At the time I thought my mother was just giving me a heads up my dad needed me or was wondering where I was at. I had sent the weekend with my boyfriend and hadn’t spoken to my father. But as I looked at my phone and realized neither one ofRead MoreThe Day That Changed My Life955 Words   |  4 Pageswords that I despised hearing, especially as a kid, and not having spoken a word in English with the exception of basic introductions. The day that changed my life was when I was eight-years old, my parents said in the most optimistic tone that.â€Å"We are moving to the United States!† These words were my greatest undoing and the thought of leaving never crossed my mind ever. I remember being speechless and wanting to cry, but could not bring mys elf to. I wanted to stay in Tokyo, Japan in the dark-woodenRead MoreA Day That Changed My Life1291 Words   |  6 PagesLiving a life where there is something that will always haunt me. Leaving me horrified every time I look down a road or if I see people on bikes. A day that is so real to me, leaving me terrified. A day that took my soul away leaving me with no light to spare looking for a way to get out. A day that made my life different from what it is today, which happened nine years ago. It happened on an evening in June, just as the sun was setting. Outside on top of the hill just right down the road from my houseRead MoreThe Day That Changed My Life2875 Words   |  12 Pagesbedroom and my heavy, tired eyes eagerly opened. A huge smile was revealed on my face and a burst of chuckles traveled across the room. The laughter of a four-year-old child filled the hallways. The excitement was visible in my coffee-colored eyes as I ran down the stairs. I was elated! Today was Febru ary 4th, 2005; it was the day! This was the day that I got to finally play dress up with my mother and baby sister. I expected this day to be the best day of my life! However, it was also the day that changedRead MoreThe Day That Changed My Life2076 Words   |  9 PagesThe Day My Life Changed Forever I will never forget the day when my life was changed forever. I was twenty-two years old and about to give birth to my first child. I was having a girl, who I was going to name Mia Alexandria. Up until this point in my life I was able to go and come as I pleased, but that was about to all change. I knew that having a child would change my life but did not know how much. It was in December of 1996, and was a cold, dreary winter day. I was in my eighth month ofRead MoreThe Day That Changed My Life Essay2801 Words   |  12 Pages I never knew that the very fateful day, September 4, 2065, would be my last average day, with an average life, normal friends (not really), and a normal family. This day was one that no one would ever forget. The day that the world drastically changed and everyone knew that nothing would ever be the same. As I walked to school, I ran into one of my friends, as usual. Meera Falcov, a girl with unusual talents and my closest friend. We were what you would call the â€Å"outcasts† at Herbert high schoolRead MoreA Day That Changed My Life1616 Words   |  7 PagesNever Forget September 11,2001 a day that some of us might not remember too well because of our age, or a day that sticks out too many like a sore thumb. For my family, this is a day that will never be erased from our memory. My Dad had been commuting for work back and forth between Belleville, Illinois and New York City, while my Mom stayed home with my sister and I. I was six at the time and my younger sister Lauren was two. It was an ordinary Tuesday for us. My Dad would be gone the whole weekRead MoreThe Day That Changed My Life859 Words   |  4 Pages2006, the day that had a change in my life. The day I first came to America. Coming to America was one of the hardest things I ever had to do in my life. Knowing I m leaving my own country, my friends and relatives behind saddened me. Leaving my homeland, Vietnam, meant that I had to learn a completely new different language and make new friends. When I first came here I was only 9 years old; I did not know anything. I had always thought I was going to spend the rest of my life in my country, sinceRead MoreA Day That Changed My Life969 Words   |  4 PagesMay 25, 2013, a day that would forever change my life. The day that I knew that with a simple piece of paper my life would be filled with endless possibilities. On this day I graduated high school. To some this is not what they would call a milestone in life and that it could be achieved by anyone but to an eighteen-year-old, African American, female, living in a small rural town that is heavy laden with poverty, this is the most memorable moment of my entire life and somehow I imagine that this

Examples Of Character Development In The Epic Of Gilgamesh

Characters that are in stories or poems, usually the protagonist or even the antagonist, show some kind of change and characteristics throughout a story. This can include the rising or the falling of a character. You can see these changes during series of events going on in the poem; such as battles or Mofits. Character analysis shows us a timeline on where and how the character has evolved. An example of this is the ancient Mesopotamia epic poem â€Å" The Epic of Gilgamesh†. There is no known author for this work, however, it is often known as the earliest surviving great works of literature. It’s not called â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† for nothing, Gilgamesh is shown in almost every part of the Poem. Him being the protagonist, really shows us,†¦show more content†¦This shows us that Gilgamesh felt powerless, and was scared about being shown that he was. In my opinion, I do not think that we were shown that the dream was only to predict something betwe en the two characters, Gilgamesh and Enkidu. But, I feel as if this dream also gave us a hint of how lonely Gilgamesh was. It talked about that the only thing Gilgamesh love was the throne, now because it was being threatened, he has crippling exaggerating of not being loved by others, also a sense of loneliness lingers inside him. However, this is the reason the authors put Enkidu into this story. It not only starts helping with Gilgamesh mental state by gaining a friend but his personality as well. Next, there are many parts in the poem that go hand-in-hand to make up event two. Gilgamesh as a whole realizes that he has to gain respect for himself to be known as a great king. We see this at the end of tablet I and the start of tablet II. In the second dream that Gilgamesh has, he lusts over the crown So much, that in fact go to mash is blind to his people. He foresees that if he does not change his ways then once he does no one will, in fact, remember him, let alone be known as, one of the greats. (Pg106) At first, Gilgamesh saw Enkidu as a threat to his throne, it was not long until Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought. Surprisingly, Gilgamesh lost this battle between Enkidu, Leaving Gilgamesh embarrassed and ashamed. Enkidu did put Gilgamesh into his place. In myShow MoreRelatedThe Heros Journey In The Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Matrix1291 Words   |  6 Pagesrecurring characters, actions, and situations. Even when pieces of literature that seem to have no connection to each other ar e examined, such as The Matrix directed by Lana and Lilly Wachowski, and The Epic of Gilgamesh by N.K. Sanders, the monomyth, the heros journey, and archetypes are efficient ways to help compare and match pieces of literature and publications; all while helping to reflect on current societys fears of power, technology, and fulfillment of life. In the Epic of Gilgamesh as wellRead MoreAthanasia: Human Impermanence and the Journey for Eternal Life in the Epic of Gilgamesh1740 Words   |  7 PagesAthanasia: Human Impermanence and the Journey for Eternal Life in the Epic of Gilgamesh â€Å"Will you too die as Enkidu did? Will grief become your food? Will we both fear the lonely hills, so vacant? I now race from place to place, dissatisfied with whereever I am and turn my step toward Utnapishtim, godchild of Ubaratutu† (Jackson â€Å"Gilgamesh Tablet IX† 4-9) Gilgamesh so much feared death that he threw away his honor as a warrior in order to obtain immortality. For centuries there have existed individualsRead More Lessons Learned From the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh, a Mesopotamian epic poem with no known author, is the story of the brute King of Uruk, Gilgamesh, who was two-thirds divine and one-third human, which teaches readers the unstoppable force of death, the wrath of the gods, and also the power of friendship, which are illustrated to readers through the characters journeys, and those encountered along the way. The poem, which is divided into twelve tablets, starts off with Gilgamesh being a vicious tyrant, one who â€Å"wouldRead MoreEpic of Gilgamesh Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is one of earliest known pieces of literature. Through years of storytelling and translation, The Epic of Gilgamesh became a timeless classic. This story is believed to have originated from Sumerian poems and legends about the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. Throughout the epic, many t hemes arose about women, love, and journeys and the one I would like to discuss is the theme of death. Also, I will discuss if Gilgamesh accepts morality at the end of the story and the development ofRead MoreThe Heros Journey1704 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost every hero-quest goes through (no matter what culture the myth is a part of). He calls this common structure â€Å"the monomyth† (Hero’s Journey). The â€Å"hero’s journey† appears in drama, storytelling, myth, religious ritual, and psychological development. It describes the typical adventure of The Hero, who goes out and achieves great deeds on behalf of the family, group, tribe, or civilization. There are twelve steps, or stages, of the typical â€Å"Hero’s Journey†. The twelve steps are: The ordinaryRead MoreA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh Essay examples1640 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh There are many differences and critical comparisons that can be drawn between the epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh. Both are historical poems which shape their respected culture and both have major social, cultural, and political impacts on the development of western civilization literature and writing. Before any analysis is made, it is vital that some kind of a foundation be established so that a further, in-depth exploration of the complex natureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1449 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning in The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is a bully king who frightens and annoys the people of Uruk. After the gathering with Enkidu and becoming his friend does Gilgamesh transform, into a hero worthy of history. The brotherly or â€Å"bromantic† ( considering the questionable relationship they have) love the two have for each other helps Gilgamesh become an better leader to his people by permitting him to better understand and identify with them. Even though the myth of Gilgamesh is very ancientRead MoreRole Of Civilization In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1194 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity, The Epic of Gilgamesh has challenged that idea and suggests that whether or not a Sumerian was civilized or not, determined their relationship with the environment and community. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, representation of the best and worst of humanity is presented through the characters, Enkidu and King Gilgamesh. From the beginning, Enkidu is portrayed as an uncivilized, wild man who is living harmoniously with the environment in which he resides, whereas King Gilgamesh is portrayed asRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay1801 Words   |  8 PagesTonisia Tutt Professor Andre World Literature 1 October 11, 2015 The Epic of Gilgamesh does not quite have a happy end. Truthfully, Gilgamesh is not successful in his mission. It is shortsighted and deceived to expect that Gilgamesh, the saint, must be effective in his journey to hold the characteristics of courage. An unsuccessful journey not harsh any more than a courageous ending is essentially joyful. For recognitions of this, we need to look no more distant than the plenty of thoughtful legendsRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, By Yusef Komunyakaa1808 Words   |  8 PagesThe epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest heroic epics . It plays a important role throughout the human history. Written between 2150-1400 BCE, the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic is seen as the greatest legacy of the ancient Mesopotamian culture. It has been translated into hundreds of languages and spread all around the world. Thousands of versions and adaptations were made since we found the charm of this poetic work. In 2006, theatre producer Chad Gracia and poet Yusef Komunyak aa presented us with

Dow Rohm and Haas Free Essays

DOW chemical company The year 2009 was the most active an challenging year for Dow in its whole history. It was the turning point for the transformation to the† leading global specialty chemical and advanced materials Company†. On April 1 2009 DOW finally completed the acquisition of specialty chemicals maker Rohm and Haas after eight months â€Å"fight†. We will write a custom essay sample on Dow Rohm and Haas or any similar topic only for you Order Now On July 10 2008 DOW pronounced to pay $78 per share to buy Rohm and Haas (current stock price on 9 July, $44, 83) because they expected more than $7 billion in pretax process from the joint venture, K-DOW, with a state owned Kuwait company. Due to the global financial crisis, the decrease of the oil prices and the governmental rating for the deal as â€Å"too risky† the Kuwait Company withdraw their $17. 4 billion offer in December 2008. Dow was now unwilling to pay the $15. 3 billion for Rohm and Haas and consequently tried to delay the process. With this situation, the dilemma of DOW was perfect, a global economic meltdown and a promise which DOW was not able to finish because of a deal break. The whole economy changed after the pronouncement in July that the second largest chemical company would like to by Rohm and Haas. Stock prices of chemical companies increased immense and the shareholder of Rohm and Haas expect a large profit from their shares especially in the ongoing global downturn, pressing the stock values to the bare bone. Rohm and Haas forced DOW to finish the promised acquisition but DOW never got a specific plan how to handle this complex and significantly changed situation. Just an email from the chairman of DOW explained that it would be better to wait till June 2009 in order to finish the deal. After they heard that Dow invested in different other projects it was simply too much for Rohm and Haas, as they could not understand why other deals were made but the acquisition was still delayed, so they started a litigation to enforce the merger. Rohm and Haas and DOW conducted several meeting to find a way to resolve the situation, but without any success and to the great disappointment of Rohm and Haas as their expectations were not met at all. Analysts said: â€Å"It was a â€Å"CLASH OF TITANS†Ã¢â‚¬ . Finance Projects Clinical Research Case- DOW Chemical Company Silke Rahden In terms of the second half of 2008 and beginning of 2009 we notice a dramatically decrease of the DOW stock price. Well, it is in the middle of the financial crisis in the USA but the more important â€Å"deal† which caused the decline was the acquisition of Rohm and Haas, pronounced in July 2008 and finally finished in April 2009. During this time the stock prices slide into free fall/ drop to the pits from $32,52 (July 2008) to $8,81 (April 2009). The absolutely low point was on 30 March 2009 with $8. 30 per share. The main reason for the â€Å"death† point, in addition to the financial crisis, was the finish of the acquisition of Rohm and Haas after eight months up and downs. Income Statement: Finance Projects Clinical Research Case- DOW Chemical Company Silke Rahden References: http://finance. yahoo. com/q/is? s=DOW+Income+Statementannual http://phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=80099p=irolstockcalculatort=Calccontrol_type=256control_ http://crisisexperts. blogspot. com/2009/02/dowrohm-and-haas-acquisition-crisis. html Finance Projects Clinical Research Case- DOW Chemical Company Silke Rahden How to cite Dow Rohm and Haas, Papers

Essay on Never Giving Up on a Dream Job Essay Example For Students

Essay on Never Giving Up on a Dream Job Essay Ever since I was a little girl my dream job was to be a fashion designer. Over the years, I lost that passion like a candle burning out. Soon after high school was over, I had no idea what I wanted to be or what to even pursue in life. I still decide to go to college rather than staying home doing nothing, might as well knock out a few general education classes. When a few family members came over we started to talk about a few careers choices that would fit some of my skill sets that I have obtain over the years of growing up and working with my parents. That is when it hit me, wasting two years and half later my new dream job was gazing at me straight in the eyes. My life had a new meaning all over again, with this new dream job that I was going to pursue as a Pharmacy Technician. Out of all the careers I talked over with my family members Pharmacy Technician was the one that stood out the most for its skill sets, the environment in the work field, payment and the continuing of education. I began doing a bit of research on Pharmacy Technician. Based on the information provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the important qualities to be in this field would be, â€Å"Customer-service skills, detail oriented, listening skills, math skills and organization skills.† Part of these skill sets fit so perfectly with my personality such as detail oriented, listening and organization skills. The other two skill sets, math and customer service will work best to my abilities. Since Pharmacy Technicians use a lot of math in this work field. I’m not afraid to take higher math if they need me to, the higher the better. Customer service will be the trickiest one of them all, since I’m the type of person to be alone most of the time. I never got. . that no longer have any use get dropped out. I have been encouraged to keep going to school even after I graduate Heald College in order to higher the degree in my degree as a Pharmacy Technician. Nobody should ever live without giving their dream job a chance even if it wasn’t your first choice. There is always one out there that is the perfect fit for each one of us; we just have to keep on looking and never giving up. I never gave up looking and here I’m at Heald College, my dream as a Pharmacy Technician has been growing more than ever before.Works CitedBecome a PTCB CPhT. Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2014.Pharmacy Technician: Salary. Pharmacy Technician Salary Information. Ed. Stephanie Steinberg. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2014.Summary. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.

Expectation states theory and gender

Overview of the expectation states theory In the society, people seek to accomplish tasks or goals that are set. They do these in different formations or hierarchies. Therefore, the Expectations States theory explores how states hierarchies emerge in different societal situations where actors are seeking to accomplish goals collectively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Expectation states theory and gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory seeks to explain how different factors affect the accomplishment of goals by the actors. It also explains how the different states of the actors affect the expectations as they orient themselves towards the task which they are handling. Task orientation and collective orientation are the key foundations of the conditions on which the theory bases. Differences in performance among actors are derived from status characteristics, which are the social attributes o f individuals who are performing the task. Among the most notable status characteristic, is gender. Different characteristics are likened either male or female. Status features can be either diffuse or specific. Diffuse status characteristics bear generalized expectations, which are integrated on the expectations for any level of competence in a specific task. Certain status characteristics bear cultural expectations for specified competences; competencies assigned to the performance of specific tasks (Delamater, 2006). A lot of social psychology experiments have been performed which have subjected the expectations states theory to empirical evaluations. Most of the empirical studies have been focusing on how the status characteristic especially gender plays out in group roles. Competences about the tasks to be performed in groups are affected by perceptions on gender (Delamater, 2006). Gender has been cited as one of the best examples of diffuse status characteristics. Cultural bel ieves on gender which is widely shared carry the expectations that men are more competent in doing most things.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also widely shared assumptions; that men do perform better in certain tasks like mechanical work while women do better in other tasks for instance nurturing. All these status characteristics play out in different group roles which are assigned to groups bearing all the genders. Status beliefs results in stereotyping of groups. The behaviors of individuals in groups are affected by beliefs on status characteristics, which are transformed to performance expectations. This forms the basis of the status generalization theory which is one of the min sub-theories of the expectation states theory (Delamater, 2006). Gender differences impact on interpersonal behaviors in different ways. This has been explored in many social re searches. Many relatively ancient theories expounding on gender differences in performance of groups have been basing on theories related to sex roles. However, according to the research that was done differences in gender is not consistent in task groups as has been explained in different sex role approaches. The evaluation and the characters of actors of a similar gender often pay out differently when the actors are subjected to differing situations. The behavior of males as well as females ranges with the social circumstances facing them. The evaluation of both males and females are the same when they are both subjected to a similar situation. Males and females portray unilateral forms of behavior when they are exposed to similar social circumstances. Status characteristics theory is a fairly recent explanation of gender differences in different tasks and roles (Delamater, 2006). Gender in interpersonal task roles The argument behind the primary status characteristic is that eval uation and behavioral task differences have to be observed mostly when gender is considered a diffuse status feature. The supportive argument is that gender differences in performance expectations have to result to variations in behavioral profiles between men and women in mixed-sex groups. Behavior can be treated as being a function of performance expectations is impacted upon by the nature of the task that is being performed. This is because tasks are identified as either being masculine or feminine with only a few tasks being considered to be neutral; they can be performed by either gender (Wagner Berger, 1997).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Expectation states theory and gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each gender has a task advantage when working on tasks that are deemed to fall under the. Therefore, the assumption is that the gender with the task advantage has to be seen as being more co mpetitive compared to the other gender. This means that the opposite of this is true where the gender that is working on a task deemed to belong to a different gender is disadvantaged. This brings about discouragement of different genders to perform certain tasks with competition only prevailing in the natural tasks. Many cultures still confer high status on the male gender when they are working that tasks that are considered to be natural (Wagner Berger, 1997). Gender wage gap and expectations in the labor industry Gender expectations also play out in the labor industry; job expectations. Gender wage gap in the labor industry can to a wide extent attributed to gender perceptions. Different genders make different choices, which affect their performance on the job. Different genders have different chores, which affect their expectations on work and off work. The expectations of workers can be a very significant determinant of gender gaps. There is a model which was developed basing on the Bayesian updating. For each gender in this model, the corresponding parent gives information that is basis upon which children make expectations. Therefore, the past differences in choices and preferences over cross gender occupations have an impact on the belief of the prevailing generation and may pose even more adverse effects. Even though, men and women may have similar preferences, their choice of careers often varies. In discharging work roles, the expectations of discrimination are eminent and will often have long-run impacts on the gender that feels discriminated against. Most often, women are on the receiving end when it comes to gender discrimination in labor with only few cases applying tom men (Filippin Ichino, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it is evident that the expectations of men and women at work are a force behind the performance in their work roles. More often than not, women have lower expectations on the performance or discharge of duties which is the reason why they come lower in performance ranks. Therefore, the status of female when it comes to jobs is mostly low because of they set their expectations lower. This is aggravated by other factors like gender discrimination further bringing down the status of the feminine gender. This is supportive of the empirical outcomes of the expectation status concept. The expectations of different genders over work begin when they are in the universities where men set high standards of work expectations than women. Therefore, men end up advancing more on jobs than women. This is not an obvious case as there are exceptions. A number of women are sensitized by the empirical outcomes of status expectations thence end up setting high expectations, which propel then to greater heights in the labor industry (Filippin Ichino, 2005). Gender, Hierarchy in Leadership Gender stereotypes have been, for a long time, argued to be a substantial barrier of excellence performance women in strategic leadership posts in the society. Gender expectations affect the ability and the urge of different gender groups in accessing or ascending to leadership. The rising of women into high leadership position in both the private and the public sectors has been raising questions over the long held outcome of status expectations theory. The 21st century has seen the number of women rising and assuming bigger leadership positions in different public positions. Women have been influenced socially by the resurgence in the number of feminine movement and activists. These have helped to position women by boosting their motivation and expectations and thence their status (Carli Eagly, 2001). Gender disparities are still playing an active role in social development patterns . There is a wide gap in the ration of men to women in leadership. The expectations of women are still ranked low by the society because of the low held opinion and expectations of them. The hierarchies in power are still favoring the men more than women. Women are classified as a weaker sex; a factor that enhances to inferiority attitude in them (Carli Eagly, 2001). Expectation states and influence networks Efforts have been made to link the attitude change theory, social influence network theory and the effect control theory to the status expectations theory. Both theories link up in one aspect, which are performance expectations. The interpersonal relations in task groups are affected by sentiments and attitudes of the gender groups. The attitudes of group members in the status expectations theory are not consensual. The expectations are shaped by pre-formed attitudes of the individual members in group tasks. The attitudes of men are often similar. The same case applies to the a ttitude of women. Even in situations where there is consensus in group tasks, men and women will have internal differing attitudes about the situation. The sentiments of different group members arise from interpersonal influences, which arise from the sentiments from the members of a task group. Gender plays an important role in the process (Friedkin Johnsen, 2003). Gender roles in social influence Research in social influence patterns has shown that men have more influence as compared to women. This influence of gender in social influence is nonetheless dependent on a number of moderating factors. Influent ability in social influence is impacted, by the way, in which women and men are influenced in social relations. The exerting of social influence has varying degrees depending on gender. Men are deemed to have more influence in social issues as they are more assertive. The composition of different genders in interactions helps in moderating gender differences in groups. The expec tation states theory posits that the effects of gender on interactions depend on gender salience as well as status characteristic. Women are often ranked low in status as well as expectations (Carli, 2001). Therefore in social interactions, men are usually graded higher in terms of resistance levels. The resistance of the male gender to the female influence is usually higher. This is because of the status of men in the society. Men are boosted by the expectations on them. All these accord power to men and help them in maintaining their status in the society. Gender is thus a strong status feature as explored in the expectations status theory. Task competence affects social influence ability of both men and women but in varying degrees (Carli, 2001). Gender stereotypes and social roles Gender stereotypes are also influenced by the emotional vulnerability of different gender groups. The societal culture has held the view that men are different from women. Women and men end up conformi ng to stereotypes that are gender born because of emotional vulnerability. Emotional vulnerability results in conformity to stereotypes because of normative expectations. This can easily be tested in relationships. The social role theory is more proactive in the explanation of conformity trends to gender stereotypes. Women and men behave in certain gender-typed ways. This is because the social roles that are performed by each of the gender group are linked to different expectations and calls for different skills. Because of the social roles that they play, women seem to be more emotional. Examples of these tasks include caring for children. In situations which do not involve the stereotyped roles, men and women are argued to behave in a similar manner. Women are more proactive in mentoring relationships as opposed to men because of the position they occupy in the discharge of most social roles (Vogel, Wester, Heesacker Madon, 2003). Gender, expressive traits and parenting expectati ons As individuals grow, they are continuously socialized into certain ways of behavior. This is done through parenting. When they reach the adulthood stage, there are expectations of them to be in a position to perform certain social roles. Therefore, expectations are nurtured from unusually early stages of growth of people. Both boys and girls react differently to the nurturance by their parents. Men and women have different gender traits. These traits have an effect on the parenting expectations of both young men and women. Options and decision channels that are exposed to the teenagers end up affecting their expectations. These may either solidify the expectations or they may disperse the expectations of orientation towards certain social roles and responsibilities. Women tend to view family roles as being central to them. Being a woman is likened to being a mother thereby the assumption of motherly roles begins this early. Gender traits and changes in the societal view affect t he expectations in the assumption of parenting roles. The roles of men and women are becoming more integrated and resulting in a shift in expectations on social roles of both genders (Yaremko Lawson, 2007). Gender evaluation in role groups Women and men evaluate themselves differently. Girls have been argued to evaluate themselves highly in minor groups as compared to their self-evaluation in large groups. Women tend to be less confident in large groups and will usually have low expectations when in such groups. Gender is likened to status and prestige and posited in the expectation status theory. Therefore, differences exist in the way women and men evaluate their power in the society. As a result of the effects of the status theory, it can easily be observed that men are more powerful when it comes to group roles as compared to their female counterparts (Martinot, Dà ©sert Redersdorff, 2008). Men often take with them the gender privileges which have been awarded to them by the society. This explains why they perform better even in the seemingly female dominated professions. Even in groups with a majority composition of female, men are more proactive in attaining the outcomes of the group. The status that has been accorded to men by the women has led to low self-rating of women by women themselves. Belonging to a minority class is likened to being put under a magnifying glass as in the glass ceiling concept. Members belonging to the minority status do not only judge themselves but are also judged by others. Women often emerge with a low status in majority work or task groups (Martinot, Dà ©sert Redersdorff, 2008). Gender communication and expectation states The tasks that are performed in the society are judged and evaluated differently depending on the gender of the actors. In leadership, women are usually evaluated on a lower scale. The scale depends on competence and the likeability. In the evaluation of gender roles, different cues are used and are i ntegrated with theory to bring out the results which help in bringing out the results. The results are further used in coining expectations of the actor. In work situations, women are given a favorable evaluation on promotion and hiring functions, but not on competence evaluation. The cognitive abilities in the lens differ between genders. Gender assumptions affect the rating of actors basing on their traits. It encourages stereotyping which in most cases distorts the gender status roles on certain tasks. It widens the status gap between men and women, which is sometimes too wide; which might not be the case. Constructive processes are more prevalent in gender perception, and they end up impacting on the expectation of genders when it comes to the discharge of roles (Koch, 2004). Men and women have different aspirations, which all affect the formulation of expectations on both groups. This is evident in the role congruency theory which is a sub-theory of the status expectations theo ry. According to the sub-theory, women have to be judged lower on aspects of likeability especially when a high visual dominance ratio is used. This is because women more often violate gender expectations. Competence ratings do not post significant differences in gender rates as it is appearing in the empirical analysis of the expectation status theory (Koch, 2004). Gender perceptions and status in technical disciplines Males and females are argued to originate from different sets of experiences. Therefore, gender is a formidable force in the expectations and perceptions of both male and female. This is supportive of the societal structures and orientation which socialize men and women in different ways. This ends up even affecting the choice of careers as has been seen in different learning institutions. The male and female students rate themselves differently when it comes to different technical courses. Males are rated higher in terms of attitudes on technical abilities and cours es like computer knowledge and proficiency. They even end up performing well in the technical subjects thereby upgrading their status and raising expectations. Women add to these expectations and status by depending on male students to help them out in these courses. However, this is not always this is not always the case as it has been found that other surrounding factors like exposure to technology affect the perceptions and expectations (Adibifar, 2007). References Adibifar, K. (2007) â€Å"Students’ perceptions of the use of technology: Does students’ gender make a difference in their perceptions of using technology in teaching?†. Electronic Journal of Sociology, Iss. 1, PP. 1-11. Carli, L. L. (2001) â€Å"Gender and Social Influence†. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4): 725-741. Carli, L. L Eagly, A. H. (2001) â€Å"Gender, hierarchy and Leadership: An Introduction†. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4): pp. 629-636. Delamater, J. (2006). Handbook of social psychology. Berlin: Springer. Filippin, A Ichino, A. (2005) â€Å"Gender wage gap in expectations and realizations†. Labor Economics, 12: pp. 125–145. Friedkin, N. E Johnsen, E. C. (2003) â€Å"Attitude change, affect control, and expectation states in the formation of influence networks†. Power and Status Advances in Group Processes, 20, 1–29. Koch, S. C. (2004). Constructing gender: A lens-model inspired gender communication approach. Sex Roles, 51(3-4), 171-186. Martinot, D., Dà ©sert, M Redersdorff, S. (2008) â€Å"When Girls Evaluate Themselves Better Than Boys in Minority Groups: Role of the Performance Context†. Current Research in Social Psychology, 13(20). Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Heesacker, M Madon, S. (2003) â€Å"Confirming Gender Stereotypes: A Social Role Perspective†. Sex Roles, 48(11-12): pp. 519-528. Wagner, D. G. Berger, J. (1997) â€Å"Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accountsà ¢â‚¬ . Sociological Perspectives, 40(1): pp. 1-32. This research paper on Expectation states theory and gender was written and submitted by user Sonia Frye to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Journal Artical Review essays

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BAJAJ Auto: SWOT and PESTEL Analysis

BAJAJ Auto: SWOT and PESTEL Analysis INTRODUCTION BAJAJ AUTO came into existence on November 29,1945 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation private limited. It started off by selling imported two and three wheeler in India .In 1959, it obtained a license from Government of India to manufacture and it went public in 1960.In 1970, it rolled out its 100,000th vehicle. In 1977, it managed to produce and sell 100,000 vehicle in a single financial year. In 1985,it started producing at Waluj near Aurangabad. In 1986,it managed to produce and sell 500,000 vehicle in a single financial year. In 1995,it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced and sold 1 million vehicle in a year. 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Any other aspect of your business that adds value to your product or service Weakness could be: Lack of marketing expertise. Undifferentiated products or services (i.e. in relation to your competitors) Location of your business. Poor quality goods or services. Damaged reputation. In SWOT, opportunities and threats are external factors. An opportunity could be: A developing market such as the Internet. Mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances. Moving into new market segments that offer improved profits. A new international market. A market vacated by an ineffective competitor. A threat could be: A new competitor in your home market. Price wars with competitors. A competitor has a new, innovative product or service. Competitors have superior access to channels of distribution. Taxation is introduced on your product or service. (Gerry Johnson, 2008) PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment There are many factors in the macro-environment that will effect the decisions of the managers of any organisation. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. To help analyse these factors managers can categorise them using the PESTEL model. This classification distinguishes between: (Anon., 2011) Political factors- These refer to government policy such as the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services does a government want to provide? To what extent does it believe in subsidising firms? What are its priorities in terms of business support? Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail system. 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MP3 players, computer games, online gambling and high definition TVs are all new markets created by technological advances. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organisations providing the products. Environmental factors- Environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. 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(Anon., 2011) SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTH:- Bajaj Auto is LEADING automobile manufacturing company in India. It is one of the Indias trusted two wheelers manufacturers. It is an operative subsidy of the Bajaj Group. Bajaj Auto happens to be the largest two and three wheeler manufacturer in India and also ranks in this field across the globe. This automobile company was established on 2 November 1945. The company was then known as M/s Bach raj Trading Corporation Private Limited. The company made a modest beginning by importing and then selling two and three wheelers in India. Today Bajaj Auto has become synonymous with two and three wheelers in the country. Some of its popular two wheelers are; Pulsar 220DTS and Kawasaki Ninja 250R.Bajaj have highly experienced management. Company mainly focus on RD and fulfil of customer needs and requirements. (Ashwin, 2010) Bajaj Auto has been sitting on a cash pile for over five years now. Over the next couple of years, competition in the two-wheeler market is set to intensify. TVS Motors and Hero Honda are on a product expansion binge. To fight this battle and retain its hard-earned market share in the motorcycle segment, Bajaj Auto will need its cash muscle. A look at its own story over the past five years provides valuable insight. (Anon., n.d.) Earlier, most of the products that Bajaj exported were scooters and some motorcycles. However, in its target markets, like in India, the shift was towards motorcycles. With the expansion in Bajajs own range to almost five-six platforms of motorcycles, it had a better offering to export, also the reason for its stronger showing. For the last fiscal, 60 per cent of its exports were two-wheelers and the rest three-wheelers. Of the two-wheeler exports, close to 90 per cent were motorcycles. Bajaj has identified certain key markets, which hold potential. Its first overseas office established at the Jebel Ali free trade zone has been the focal point for exports to middle Africa and the Saharan nations. Egypt and Iran also continue to be strong markets for Bajaj. The other market, which would be a focus area, is South America, where the company feels it is fairly well represented in most countries, except in Brazil, the largest market. The company recently participated in a large auto exhib ition in Brazil and found good consumer acceptance to products like Pulsar and Wind 125. Thus, in India, Bajaj would see swanky four wheels jostling with our ever reliable and sturdy steed the two wheeler India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to Japan and China in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and domestic sales respectively. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50s.The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country. Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. In the initial stages, the scooter segment was dominated by API; it was later overtaken by Bajaj Auto. (Anon., 2007) Weakness: The promotions and ads of Bajaj are very less as compared to its competitors. Some of the products of Bajaj like Pulsar require high maintenance. It expected that by 2020 scrap generated by end of life vehicles in India would be about 2.5 million tonnes and 40% of it will come from two wheelers. But Bajaj is not capable enough to recycle the scrap generated and may impose environmental threat. In Bajaj group there is no organized labour union and family members of employees find ready employment within Bajaj. The philosophy with regard to labour management is Bajaj is growing, grow with Bajaj. Bajaj workers receive a uniform allowance, as well as House Rent Allowance (HRA) and Leave Travel Allowance (LTA). Extra benefits include medical check- ups not just for workers, but also for the immediate family members. For the majority of the production workers, who are hired through contractors, these benefits are out of reach. This and other problems lead to a strike and factory occupation by 4,000 temp workers in the pune plant in spring 2006 (Ashwin, 2010) Bajaj Hasnt employed the excess cash for long. Bajaj has no established brand to match Hero Hondas Splendor in commuter segment not a global player in spite of huge volumes. Bajaj Not a globally recognizable brand (unlike the JV partner Kawasaki) (Anon., 2011) Opportunities: Double-digit growth in two-wheeler market. Untapped market above 180 cc in motorcycles. More maturity and movement towards higher-end motorcycles. The growing gearless trendy scooters and scooterette market. Growing world demand for entry-level motorcycles especially in emerging markets. The Inevitable Change Bajaj on internal analysis found that it lacked The technical expertise to deliver competitive goods. The design know-how. And the immediate inability to support the onslaught of competitors. All these forced Bajaj to look for an international partner who could bring in technology and also offer some basic platforms to be manufactured and marketed in India. Kawasaki of Japan is a world-renowned manufacturer of high performance bikes. Bajaj entered into a strategic tie-up with Kawasaki in late 1990s to enhance its product line and knowledge up-gradation to support long-term strategies. This served the purpose of sustaining the market competition for a while. From 1996 to 2000, Bajaj invested hugely in infrastructure while simultaneously developing product design and innovation capabilities, which is the prime reason behind the energetic Bajaj of 21st century. Bajaj introduced a slew of products right from entry-level motorcycle to the high premium segment right from 2001 onwards, and since then its raining success all the way for Bajaj. (Anon., 2007) Last quarter, Bajaj had impressive performance growing at a rate of 20%+ when the largest manufacturer grew at just 6%. This stands a testimony to the various important strategic decisions over the past decade. The focus of BAL off late has been on providing the best of the class models at competitive prices. Most of the Bajaj models come loaded with the latest features within the price band acceptable by the market. BAL has been the pioneer in stretching competition into providing latest features in the price segment by updating the low price bikes with the latest features like disk-brakes, anti-skid technology and dual suspension, etc. NCAER data for top 24 cities in India shows migration to higher income levels growing at over 40 per cent per annum. Prosperity in rural India is also a significant phenomenon, with 43 per cent of households in middle and the high income groups coming from rural India. More incomes per person, more persons will lead to a quadrupling of Indias consumer markets in the next two decades, a 2007 study by McKinsey Global institute has projected. And this will provide Company the ballast to sustain and consolidate its leadership position. Good will of the company: If the company utilizes the good will they have gained so far from their customers, they can increase the sales performance by economizing the cost and few technical renovation of the product. With new launch they can be benefited at present market scenario like Pulsar, Ninja has huge attraction towards the younger generation because of its style, sporty look, and high accelerating power and is stable at its feet even at high speeds. (Ashwin, 2010) Threats: The competition catches-up any new innovation in no time. Threat of cheap imported motorcycles from China. Margins getting squeezed from both the directions (Price as well as Cost) Finance assistance: Easy availability of finance is the main cause of sales growth and any restriction will hamper its growth prospects. Inflation: If inflation increases cost of raw material used in production will go high and selling price may go high that may decrease demand of the two wheeler. Technical renovation aspect: Competitor bike like Karizma splandar and apache are threat to Bajaj product like Pulsar Discover in respect to fuel economy. So if they dont short out in the new launches and give something extra in its engineering performance it may affect in demand of this company product. (Ashwin, 2010) For PESTEL analysis refer Appendix RECOMMENDATIONS: 1) Use excess capacity present to produce ungeared scooters for women. The female population constituting around 50 per cent of our addressable population contributes less then 10 percent of the total two-wheeler demand. With urban markets with addressable male population getting saturated, players will have to aggressively target the women population for expansion. 2) Review product mix, focus on RD to bring new products in market Demographics show increased youth population Young people fashion savvy 3) Focus on Rural market: Rural markets currently contribute around 45 per cent of the industrys demand. However, going forward, with urban markets getting saturated, analysts expect a rise in demand from rural markets. To address the changing dynamics, BAJAJ would have to resort to aggressive rural-centric sales and promotional activities. BAJAJ would have to alter marketing strategies by focusing on rural oriented adverting on mass media, educative road shows and create aspiration values for the products, and expand their sales distribution network. Introduce low cost models Develop sales distribution network which is currently weaker than other players For rural youth, introduce low cost trendy vehicles 4) Increase focus on exports and penetrate new markets: With domestic demand for two-wheelers slowing down, it would be increasingly important for BAJAJ to look beyond boundaries to partially mitigate the slowdown. BAJAJ would accordingly have to develop products suitable for different markets; high investments are required for setting up manufacturing facilities and for building a reasonable level of brand equity. Till now BAJAJ focussed only on economy class and developing country markets, but now in those segments it is facing competition from cheap Chinese players. Therefore need arises to penetrate new markets like USA and UK. CONCLUSION: Bajaj auto faces stiff competition from the Market leader Honda and closest rival Suzuki. It is because they are not able to create reliable brand image among their customers. They need to focus on developing their products that can give better experience to their consumer. 1. From the survey, it is seen that Bajaj is only able to somewhat satisfy their costumers from their products. They need to create a great sense of joy in their customers by offering unmatched product features and service that will make their customers loyal to the brand and this will greatly help Bajaj in increasing its market share. 2. Bajajs product prices are in comparison with its leading competitors. The problem is that consumers do not think that Bajaj has that much value and hence prefer to buy other brands. Bajaj need to offer more competitive pricing and better promotions to sell their motor cycle better.

Developing Yourself as an effective HR Practitioner Essay

Introduction The intention of this report is to address the following learning outcomes:- †¢to understand the knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be an effective HR practitioner; †¢know how to deliver timely and effective HR services to meet users’ needs and; †¢be able to reflect on my own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development. For the purpose of this report I will use research journals, books and internet searches, in particular, help and guidance from the CIPD website in order to reflect on my own personal experience and skills to constructively align with the assessment criteria. Career in brief Throughout my career I have had a diverse range of roles including the recruitment and selection of employees, carrying out inductions with new staff, issuing contracts of employment and job descriptions, carrying out appraisals and arranging training if needed. I have also been responsible for the implementation of annual budgets and setting sales targets. Activity 1 HR Profession Map The HR Profession Map is a model designed specifcally by HR professionals to help HR practitioners identify the knowledge and skills demanded by the profession. The Map describes what to do, what is needed to know and how to do it. Essentially the Map provides a widespread overview on how, within an organisation the HR department functions. It also shows what is expected within the role of an HR practitioner from all levels based on the individual’s qualifications and experience. The Map has also been designed to support HR professionals at every stage of their career and sets out the global standards for HR. The clear and flexible framework has been developed  for career progression in recognition that HR roles and career progression can vary. The Map contains three key elements: †¢10 Professional areas – what HR practitioners need to do and know †¢8 Behaviours – how to carry out activities †¢4 Bands and transitions – how to develop from one role to another, split into four bands of competence which illustrate the hierarchy of the profession. The main purpose of the Map design was to highlight 10 professional areas at four different bands of competency and then eight key behaviours at which all HR professionals need to operate. The 10 professional areas set out what a practitioner needs to do and know for each area of the HR profession listed below: †¢Organisation design †¢Organisation development †¢Resourcing and talent planning †¢Learning and talent development †¢Performance and reward †¢Employee engagement †¢Employee relations †¢Service, delivery and information †¢Leading HR †¢Insights, strategy and solutions What is considered the two core professional areas sit at the heart of the professional map – Leading HR and Insights, strategy and solutions which are applicable to all HR professionals regardless of their role and are explained in more detail below. The core: Insights, strategy and solutions This core area describes how HR professionals within Human Resources can help optimise their organisation’s performance using insights to create HR strategies and deliver solutions that stick, staying agile and innovative. An HR specialist actively develops an understanding of the organisation’s  goals and how HR actively contributes to their delivery by knowing how the organisation is structured and how the teams work together. They understand the product or service that their organisation provides and who the customers are and they understand the goals of the organisation. As an HR specialist they are also expected to guide their team to create solutions that deliver value in line with the organisation. Table 1 shows how I am able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding relating to this particular core area. Table 1Personal knowledge and competency relating to insights, strategy and solutions Business Knowledge1.18.2 The vision and purpose of the organisation and how this relates to your role.I researched and created the business’s Vision Statement. It was important to create a vision statement at the outset to assist with future planning and where we wanted to the see the business in the future. Creating the vision statement impacted immediately upon my role as Owner/Director as I had invested my own money to fulfil the ambitions I had of building the business. The core: Leading HR This are relates to HR professionals being active, insight-led leaders: owning, shaping and driving themselves, others and activity within their organisation, not just observing or facilitating. The model suggests that an HR specialist leading HR services acts as a role model to help develop their teams’ goals The model also suggests that they know how to engage people with different backgrounds by utilising their experience and skills and by developing their team’s knowledge of the operational plan of the organisation and helping their team to drive forward whilst supporting and mentoring other HR team members. Table 2 shows how I am able to demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of this core area. Table 2Personal knowledge and competency relating to leading HR Personal leadership2.1.2 Seek feedback and coaching to continually learn and develop as a professional. Use HR processes as appropriate for own CPD (e.g. through My HR Map)As Managing Director of my own reta il business it was essential that I had proven skills to continue my own professional development. I therefore sourced various courses which would lead to an appropriate qualification which augmented my current skills and qualifications. I gained a Management qualification in 2011 and am now seeking my CIPD  foundation Certificate a Level 2. The 8 behaviours within the map describe how work activities should be carried out and make a contribution to the organisation’s success and are detailed below: †¢Decisive thinker – demonstrates an ability to analyse and understand data and information. †¢Skilled influencer – demonstrates an ability to influence to gain necessary commitment & support from diverse stakeholders for organisation value. †¢Personally credible – builds & delivers professionalism by combining commercial and HR expertise to bring value to the organisation. †¢Collaborative – works effectively and inclusively with a range of people both within and outside the organisation. †¢Driven to deliver – determination, resourceful & purpose to deliver best results. †¢Courage to challenge – shows courage and confidence to speak skilfully – challenging others if confronted with resistance. †¢Role model – consistently leads by example. Acts with integrity, impartiality and independence, balancing personal, organisational and legal parameters. †¢Curious – future focused, inquisitive, seeks out evolving and innovative ways to add value. Finally, the 4 bands of competence range from Band 1 to Band 4. Band 1 covers the early stages of an HR career, culminating in Band 4 for the most senior leaders in HR and each band defines the responsibilities required by HR professionals at every stage of their career. Personal competency at Band 2 within one professional area: For the purpose of this particular section I have chosen the following professional area; ‘Learning and talent development – Capability assessment 6.21.2 How to work with an individual to assess their learning and training needs’ Whilst being self-employed, I was responsible for the supervision and management of sales staff. In particular there was one staff member who was identified as requiring further additional training as she wished to continue with her own professional development. I therefore undertook the following procedures to identify the appropriate learning and training: Following the employee’s initial induction, risk assessment and 3 month  appraisal, it was identified that she would like to achieve her NVQ 3 in Business Administration, having successfully completed her NVQ 2 in her previous employment. WHY she wanted further qualifications Following on from the appraisal, I researched appropriate course material to see what the NVQ 3 entailed to ensure that the employee’s current job role would be sufficient to fulfil the requirements of the NVQ 3 as she intended to progress within the industry. WHAT learning opportunities are there I contacted Sunderland ITEC as the employee had previously completed a training course with them and I knew that ITEC would still be able to offer the apprenticeship at level 3. I therefore requested that a representative come out to see us in order to identify the relevant information to enable her to complete the NVQ level 3. WHERE In house training and monthly day release & monthly visits from her training adviser The NVQ level 3 in Business Administration can be completed in-house with day release once a month to the training facility for the employee to go through their portfolio with their training advisor. The training advisor attended the business once a month to give a progress review on the employee and to gather evidence. HOW I identified, with the help of the Training Adviser that there was funding available for under 25’s to enable them to complete NVQ training under my mentorship. Activity 2 For this activity I am required to identify 3 users of HR services, establish one need for each and explain how conflicting needs would be identified and prioritised; to give examples of three effective communication techniques, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each and finally; effectice  service delivery to include delivery service on time, delivering service on budget, dealing with difficult customers, handling and resolving complaints. There are many users of the HR services within my organisation but I have chosen the following three users for the purpose of this assignment and set out what their need may be and how the conflicting element of each user is identified and prioritised by the HR Department: †¢Line Managers †¢Employees †¢Potential Employees (Applicants) Line Manager The Line Manager has the sole responsibility for their team. They therefore need their team to be productive and motivated to meet the demands and targets of the organisation. They should ensure that absenteeism is kept to a minimum and that all workers are skilled professional workers. Conflict may arise if employees fail to meet expectations or targets to a point where the Line Manager’s own professional career may be under threat. Employees One of an employee’s main goals is to gain financial reward and training for the commitment they give to the organisation. A conflict may arise if the employee is de-motivated in their job role due to not being sufficiently qualified or lacking in certain skills which could easily be identified and rectified by further training and support. Potential Employees It is commonplace in many professions that potential employees are better qualified and trained than most long standing employee’s of the organisation. However, it is often the case whereby there are many applicants for each potential vacancy with many applicants being well qualified with respect to the vacancy. Conflict may arise as the HR practitioner will be required to shortlist from numerous applications for one vacancy therefore they need to be able to quickly and accurately assess each application and CV for precise key specifications required on the job description. How conflicting needs are met As can be seen, the needs of the employees, potential employees and the line managers are different but similar. The conflicting needs of the three users of the HR services are identified by their working behaviour and the motive behind doing their job. The varying conflicts can be prioritised by firstly understanding the needs of the employees as they are the backbone of the organisation and arranging further training or negotiating pay increases with the Line Manager based on the employee’s work ethics, commitment and qualifications. Further training can be a motivating influence on any employee thus fulfilling the needs of the organisation and maintaining a happy yet professional relationship with their line manager as he will have fully qualified and skilled staff, therefore the conflicting priority with the Line Manager is that his concerns are fulfilled by having motivated staff. The final priority is the potential/new employees as it would be envisage that any new employee would be fully qualified and experienced to do the job correctly. Methods of Effective Communication, the advantages and disadvantages of each The three methods of communication I have chosen for this assignment are: †¢Oral/Face to Face An advantage of this communication style is that it is immediate and you gain an immediate response. It makes giving an instruction to an employee simpler as you are able to express the requirements expected of them using intonation, hand gestures and examples. Body language is also important in this type of communication both on the part of the communicator and receiver. A disadvantage could be that an employee could misinterpret or forget the instruction once the conversation is finished and time has lapsed. †¢Electronic ie. email/telephone An advantage of this communication is that it is also immediate. A ‘read receipt’ or ‘delivered’ acknowledgement is gained in sending an email  therefore the sender is aware that the recipient has received the message and again when calling somone on the telephone you can immediately relay your message. The disadvantage of a telephone call may be that the receiver is not at their desk and therefore a voicemail message may be left and there would be no timescale as to when the receiver would pick up their messages. Again the disadvantage with an email is that the intonation can be easily misinterpreted. †¢Written ie. memos/minutes An advantage of written communication is that it eliminates the risk of the recipient forgetting the task as it has been written down and given to them therefore reports, letters, memos, etc can be read again and again if anything is not understood and minutes can be changed if something is omitted. The disadvantage with written communication is that it may take time to reach to the desired destination. Also minutes or letters may get a late response if management need to call upon a face to face meeting to clarify any uncertainties within the report/minutes. Effective Service Delivery Effective service delivery is vital to any organisation as the reputation of the business is dependent upon it. In my role as owner of a bridal business it is imperative that we maintain high standards of service delivery to customers at all times. Delivering service on time is vital as there are often occasions when brides inform us that their wedding date has been set for a matter of weeks ahead. If a new bridal gown needs to be ordered there is a rush service available at a minimal cost to the customer as it guarantees 8 weeks delivery rather than the usual 16. Many customers are also working to a tight budget therefore we always have a range of lower cost bridal gowns and sale gowns available. There have also been times when we have encountered difficult customers and have had to handle and resolve complaints. Although the first thought is to be defensive, it is imperative that you listen intently to the complaint as losing a customer and receiving negative recommendations for yo ur business is detrimental. After listening  to the customer’s complaint which is often said in anger, you need to go back over the question – â€Å"Let’s go over what’s happened so we can resolve this† and apologising without sounding patronising but depending on the nature of the complaint it is sometimes necessary to reinforce the shop policy. On occasions, it is also considered appropriate to offer refunds or exchanges in order to resolve a complaint. Activity 3 I have self assessed against the Associate Membership criteria, electronically via the CIPD website and I have used the findings to identify 2 development needs at band 1 which I have h on my Personal Development Plan (attached) where I require further training to meet the criteria and are mentioned below in summary: †¢Insights, Strategy and Solutions Support the organisation development specialists in delivering organisation development interventions and associate change. †¢Employee Relations The fundamentals of employee relations. Definition of CIPD One definition of continuing professional development states that CPD is â€Å"part of lifelong learning; a means of gaining career security; a means of personal development; a means of assuring the public that individual professionals are up-to-date; a method whereby professional associations can verify competence; and a way of providing employers with a competent and adaptable workforce. † Friedman, A. & Phillips, M. (2004) ‘Continuing professional development: developing a vision,’ Journal of Education and Work, 17(3) pp361-376. CPD is important as it ensures you continue to be competent in your profession, it shows a commitment to lifelong learning and may also be a requirement of a professional role or membership to a professional body. It is an ongoing process and continues throughout a professional’s career. The ultimate outcome of well planned continual professional development is that it safeguards the public, the employer, the professional and the professional’s career. Explain at least 2 of the options I considered for meeting my development needs against my plan for  future development. One of the options I chose for further development was ‘The fundamentals of Employee Relations’ as this is an area I feel I can grow exponentially. The outcome of this module is to enable me to understand the impact of employment law at the start of the employment relationship; understand the main individual rights that the employee has during the employment relationship and; understand the issues to address at the termination of the employment relationship. I wish to build my knowledge around these areas as I would like to progress into a more managerial position with my current employers as they currently have no senior HR personnel and it is therefore important to have sound knowledge of employee and employer rights. Another area I wish to extend my knowledge is ‘Resourcing Talent’. The organisation is currently under redevelopment and I wish to move into a more senior position therefore gaining further knowledge and expertise is prerequisite to my future growth within the organisation.

Failure of the Arab League

In the wake of any great conflict, states will try and assemble a system that is based on unity and prevention of further conflict, there are several aspects usually addressed, including the economy and the international relations. In the wake of World War 2 the UN assembled to form the new world order (Pinfari, 1. ) In the Middle East, 6 founding members (Egypt, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq) formed the Arab League, an organization founded upon a common sense of Arabism with a goal of Arab unity (Pinfari, 2.) In the wake of the Cold War, Africa found itself at a political disadvantage because of the fragmented politics of the continent, they were at a geographical advantage and wanted to make use of that, so they formed the African Union to address inner-conflicts and the mayhem caused by the remains of colonialism after the Cold War (Dersso, 13-14. ) On the other side of things the European Union formed in the late 1990’s with a different mission in mind when compared to the two aforeabmentioned organizations.The Arab League and the African Union’s missions were more ambitious than those of other political organizations such as the EU and the UN, due to many reasons why this paper will focus on discussing their economy, their judiciary and the effect of pan-Arpabism and a pan-African perspective. When nations group under one banner as is the case in the examples mentioned, the issue of their individual political sovereignty is brought into the foreground as countries value their autonomy.The European Union is more of a â€Å"union† in the judiciary sense than the Arab League: while the Arab League clearly states in its charter that the League has no right to intervene in the internal affairs of a member country unless their overall safety is compromised, this then makes way for dictators like Qaddafi to rule for years in what certain scholars would view as a tyrannical manner.The judiciary of each country is separate from the Arab League which isn’t the case with the EU, whereby the Court of Justice of the European Union has the right to supersede any national court of law (Wallace, 484), by so doing maintaining peace in a more efficient way. How does this make the Arab League’s mission more ambitious, is that they are seeking peace and unity based on a sense of Arabism rather than an effective judicial system (Reiser, 1), and it is ambitious to assume that this will prevail.When discussing the Organization of African Unity (OAU), their mission can also be seen as more ambitious than that of the EU, the OAU’s mission was to establish widespread security and unity between African members of this union through the ideal of â€Å"African Solutions for African problems,† but like the Arab League, their mission contains certain clauses that are emphasized in discourse, yet not much is done to re-enforce them (Dersso, 13), and often the governments of individual states will do as they please, as is the case with the Rwanda genocide in 1994,with no higher judicial force to intervene, and that is where they fail (Tavares, 23.)Africa however should not be grouped with the Arab League, even though they are comparable, because after the Cold War, Africa had been depleted because of their division into pro-USA forces and pro-Soviet forces during the Cold War, as they underwent a number of proxy wars for the USA and the Soviet Union. After having served their purpose Africa was then disregarded and faced with â€Å"indifference† from forces that had had an increasing interest in it before (Dersso, 15.)When discussing the economy there are also rather ambitious initiatives on the AL and the OAU’s parts, in their missions they strive for unity, but one of the main constituents of said unity, is economic unity, whereby member states implement policies that will be beneficial to one another’s economies as is the case with the EU, they have a unified currency and an open market, whereby, goods, services and people are not taxed when traded between members.The EU is the only Regional Insisution with a separate monetary system which makes , â€Å"the EU has become greater than merely an arena of inter-state co-operation and has taken on many state-like powers† (Bradbury 18). This however does not work with the Arab League, because of the lack of a policy which dictates the existence of such a market but also because of the division in wealth in the Middle East, oil-rich states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar control the capital and give money to the poorer members such as Egypt, in exchange for one thing that Egypt has in abundance: labor and cheap labor at that (Korany, 279.)Also how can the Arab League hope to achieve such unity when travelling between member states still requires visas and there are still taxes on products traded between member states? Again, the mission is ambitious with no real actions taken to implement. As for the OAU, the member states are still very much in conflict as is evident by Africa’s human rights violations and constant violence. After all , Africa is simply too large and divided to ever fit under one banner.After all, overcoming colonialism is not simple; North Africa is an attest to that, with French being a prominent language, even though it was the tongue of their colonizers. In the Arab League’s charter there is a clause which dictates that states in aggression shall be forced into deliberations by the League itself and shall receive a majority vote on what they are expected to do, â€Å"the league’s decision shall then be effective and obligatory.†This however, did not seem like a viable clause as there have been many conflicts between states in the Arab League and interventions were long and tedious and ultimately rendered useless, when there are clauses and no way to implement them, then it is ambitious to place them in the charter in the first place. The importance of pan-Arabism and pan-Africanism is also note-worthy.Pan-Arabism started in the Middle East with leaders like Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser and his nationalistic sentiment; it is a concept which dictates that Arab nations should unite because of a shared Arab identity (Reiser, 1983. ) Ever since pan-Arabism was introduced, Arabs have been asking themselves what it stands for and what is it based on (Reiser, 1983), it was the leaders ambition, one that was evidently misplaced as the citizens of member states don’t see each other as Arab, rather, Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese etc.One also begins to ponder the role of colonialism here; different nations have colonized the members of the Arab League, for example: Egypt was colonized Britain and France, Libya by Italy, North Africa by France and Jordan by Britain, there are remnants of these â€Å"cultures† in these countries, and hence there is a difference in psyche and a difference in identity.Pan-Arabism and pan-Africanism are both supposedly built on an â€Å"identitarian† principle yet Hall argues that identity get created through discourse, it’s not a stable entity but a process that is incomplete and is reproduced through process (Hall 16). This same problem exists in Africa and pan-Africanism has the same logical holes in it, African states were and still are very much divided (as I have mentioned previously), so how can they all exist under one African umbrella? Hence, the Arab League fails (Pinfari, 1. ) The OAU fails. ï » ¿Failure of the Arab League In the wake of any great conflict, states will try and assemble a system that is based on unity and prevention of further conflict, there are several aspects usually addressed, including the economy and the international relations. In the wake of World War 2 the UN assembled to form the new world order (Pinfari, 1. ) In the Middle East, 6 founding members (Egypt, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq) formed the Arab League, an organization founded upon a common sense of Arabism with a goal of Arab unity (Pinfari, 2.)In the wake of the Cold War, Africa found itself at a political disadvantage because of the fragmented politics of the continent, they were at a geographical advantage and wanted to make use of that, so they formed the African Union to address inner-conflicts and the mayhem caused by the remains of colonialism after the Cold War (Dersso, 13-14. ) On the other side of things the European Union formed in the late 1990’s with a different mission in mind when compared to the two aforeabmentioned organizations.The Arab League and the African Union’s missions were more ambitious than those of other political organizations such as the EU and the UN, due to many reasons why this paper will focus on discussing their economy, their judiciary and the effect of pan-Arpabism and a pan-African perspective. When nations group under one banner as is the case in the examples mentioned, the issue of their individual political sovereignty is brought into the foreground as countries value their autonomy.The European Union is more of a â€Å"union† in the judiciary sense than the Arab League: while the Arab League clearly states in its charter that the League has no right to intervene in the internal affairs of a member country unless their overall safety is compromised, this then makes way for dictators like Qaddafi to rule for years in what certain scholars would view as a tyrannical manner.The judiciary of each country is separate f rom the Arab League which isn’t the case with the EU, whereby the Court of Justice of the European Union has the right to supersede any national court of law (Wallace, 484), by so doing maintaining peace in a more efficient way. How does this make the Arab League’s mission more ambitious, is that they are seeking peace and unity based on a sense of Arabism rather than an effective judicial system (Reiser, 1), and it is ambitious to assume that this will prevail.When discussing the Organization of African Unity (OAU), their mission can also be seen as more ambitious than that of the EU, the OAU’s mission was to establish widespread security and unity between African members of this union through the ideal of â€Å"African Solutions for African problems,† but like the Arab League, their mission contains certain clauses that are emphasized in discourse, yet not much is done to re-enforce them (Dersso, 13), and often the governments of individual states will do as they please, as is the case with the Rwanda genocide in 1994,with no higher judicial force to intervene, and that is where they fail (Tavares, 23.)Africa however should not be grouped with the Arab League, even though they are comparable, because after the Cold War, Africa had been depleted because of their division into pro-USA forces and pro-Soviet forces during the Cold War, as they underwent a number of proxy wars for the USA and the Soviet Union. After having served their purpose Africa was then disregarded and faced with â€Å"indifference† from forces that had had an increasing interest in it before (Dersso, 15.)When discussing the economy there are also rather ambitious initiatives on the AL and the OAU’s parts, in their missions they strive for unity, but one of the main constituents of said unity, is economic unity, whereby member states implement policies that will be beneficial to one another’s economies as is the case with the EU, they have a unified currency and an open market, whereby, goods, services and people are not taxed when traded between members.The EU is the only Regional Insisution with a separate monetary system which makes , â€Å"the EU has become greater than merely an arena of inter-state co-operation and has taken on many state-like powers† (Bradbury 18). This however does not work with the Arab League, because of the lack of a policy which dictates the existence of such a market but also because of the division in wealth in the Middle East, oil-rich states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar control the capital and give money to the poorer members such as Egypt, in exchange for one thing that Egypt has in abundance: labor and cheap labor at that (Korany, 279.)Also how can the Arab League hope to achieve such unity when travelling between member states still requires visas and there are still taxes on products traded between member states? Again, the mission is ambitious with no real actions t aken to implement. As for the OAU, the member states are still very much in conflict as is evident by Africa’s human rights violations and constant violence. After all , Africa is simply too large and divided to ever fit under one banner.After all, overcoming colonialism is not simple; North Africa is an attest to that, with French being a prominent language, even though it was the tongue of their colonizers. In the Arab League’s charter there is a clause which dictates that states in aggression shall be forced into deliberations by the League itself and shall receive a majority vote on what they are expected to do, â€Å"the league’s decision shall then be effective and obligatory.†This however, did not seem like a viable clause as there have been many conflicts between states in the Arab League and interventions were long and tedious and ultimately rendered useless, when there are clauses and no way to implement them, then it is ambitious to place them in the charter in the first place. The importance of pan-Arabism and pan-Africanism is also note-worthy.Pan-Arabism started in the Middle East with leaders like Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser and his nationalistic sentiment; it is a concept which dictates that Arab nations should unite because of a shared Arab identity (Reiser, 1983. ) Ever since pan-Arabism was introduced, Arabs have been asking themselves what it stands for and what is it based on (Reiser, 1983), it was the leaders ambition, one that was evidently misplaced as the citizens of member states don’t see each other as Arab, rather, Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese etc.One also begins to ponder the role of colonialism here; different nations have colonized the members of the Arab League, for example: Egypt was colonized Britain and France, Libya by Italy, North Africa by France and Jordan by Britain, there are remnants of these â€Å"cultures† in these countries, and hence there is a difference in psyche and a difference in identity.Pan-Arabism and pan-Africanism are both supposedly built on an â€Å"identitarian† principle yet Hall argues that identity get created through discourse, it’s not a stable entity but a process that is incomplete and is reproduced through process (Hall 16). This same problem exists in Africa and pan-Africanism has the same logical holes in it, African states were and still are very much divided (as I have mentioned previously), so how can they all exist under one African umbrella? Hence, the Arab League fails (Pinfari, 1. ) The OAU fails.